Human Rights and Rule of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Rights and Rule of Law - Essay Example Do human rights really exist How can human rights be understood and justified. And what is the purpose of the rule of law The following study is purposed to analyze the practical understanding of the concept of human rights in different countries and whether the fundamentals of this concept are universally observed and agreed upon. Rights are creations of human consciousness. Today the existence of human rights has assumed paramount importance for the advance of society. Human right can exist as a shared norm of actual human moralities, as a justified moral norm supported by strong reasons, as a legal right at the national level, or as a legal right within international law. Enactment in national and international law is one of the ways in which human rights exist. But many have suggested that this is not the only way. If human rights exist only because of enactment, their availability is contingent on domestic and international political developments. However there are certain rights which are somehow innate and inherent in human beings- the right to life, the right to food, liberty and to formal equality as pressed by the rules of natural justice. The more contemporary human rights include the right to freedom of expression, right to a free trial and the right to equality before law and the extent to which t hese rights are observed in a given country primarily depends on its establishment inspired by the policies in practice by the regime. That is one reason why despite the universal agreement on the need for protection of human rights, there exist1s an alarming trend of deliberate violation of these rights within the premises of the current institutions. Every regime claims to advance the well being of its people and still most regimes in the world systematically violate human rights. They do so in the name of maintaining national security, defending civilization and advancing the revolution of economic progress. Our kind of world makes necessary the most robust scepticism toward all ideological labels. Whether a repressive regime describes itself as socialist or capitalist, as revolutionary or traditional,Do Human Right Exist What is the Purpose of the Rule of Law 4 the salient characteristics are the same. People are not allowed to leave the country. The secret police are not restrained by law and there is no appeal from police power.

European contact with native North Americans Essay Example for Free

European contact with native North Americans Essay On October 12, 1492, the loud words ring across the deck Land Ho. After 70 long days at sea a tattered bunch of sea dogs jump down into a small rowboat and work there way ashore. The man in charged is named Christopher Columbus. Have you ever wondered what the impact was on the Native American population, when they first met the insatiable intruders of the European continent? When I was in high school I remember learning about Christopher Columbus and others who were credited for discovering the New World. I do not recall being told about the many negative impacts that were caused to the Native Americans. Well I always had this nice picture of Chris and the Indians sitting down and enjoying a meal and exchanging gifts. This is what I was taught in high school but is this really what took place? What really happened was the loss of three items that we as Americans hold in high value they were the loss of life, land, and freedom of the Native Americans! I do not know whether they thought we were too young to understand the overall picture of what took place, or if it is meant to be saved for college level history. During the period of early European settlement there are believed to have been seven different cultural based Native American societies within the present day boundaries of the United States. First you have the Northeast tribes located along the East coast some of which were the Iroquois, Powhatan, Wampanong, Weapemeoc, and there were many more in addition to these. The Southeast Tribes Located around the Florida Coastline was the Cherokee, Chickasaw, and the Choctaw are just a few of them. The Prairies, which consisted of the Wichita, Missouri, and the Omaha and numerous others. The High Plains, which consisted of some of the following tribes Cheyenne, Comanche, Arapaho, Pawnee, and the Tonkawa. The Southwest tribes consisted of Apache, Navajo, and Hopi. The Great Basin you had the Paiute, Shoshone, and the Spokane. And last but not least you had the Northwest tribes, which included the Chinook, Makah, and the Tillamook. Each of these different tribes had engaged in trading networks over vast stretches of the continent for centuries before the Europeans arrived (Nash et al. 13). The European settlers and explores brought the Native Americans something of  unparalleled importance in history, a viral infection that spread like wildfire through a population that had no immunity against it (Nash et al. 5). Everywhere the Europeans landed the natives were infected. It is believed that a 90 to 95% death rate amongst the Native American was caused by these viral infections such as smallpox, measles, and chicken pox (Trickel 32). In most areas where Europeans intruded in the hemisphere for the next three centuries, the catastrophe repeated itself. No matter who came, whether French, English, Spanish, or Dutch, every newcomer from the old world participated accidentally in the spread of disease that typically eliminated, with in a few generations, at least two-thirds of the native population (Nash et al. 26). I am not trying to say that all European contact was bad for them, take the French involvement with the Native Americans. When the French met with the natives they found it to be better to live amongst them. Trade was also beneficial to the natives. The Indians and the French set up many little trading posts and villages along the interior of the Americas, along the Mississippi river valley, and both prospered from those villages. The Dutch and British began early buying land, a practice never understood by the Native Americans, who generally believed that they were granting the newcomers rights to use rather than to own the lands. European settlers started putting up fences and claiming land that did not belong to them (Nash et al.12). To the European the owning of land was a show of ones wealth. This was a concept, which the Native Americans were not familiar; with due to the fact that land to them was communal, it belonged to all. There were no rich or poor in Native American villages everyone shared this was something the Europeans did not understand. I am not saying they did not have boundaries, too, because they did amongst different tribes. So this had a great impact because they were being driven from their hunting grounds and roaming spaces. The Spanish came to the New World looking for gold (Nash et al. 5). Often they married with the Native Americans. French explorers were trappers and traders they often married with the Native Americans and maintained friendly  relations based on trade partnership with the Native Americans. The Dutch and British, in contrast with these other European groups, came to the New World with their families to set up colonies most of them were seeking to settle the land (Nash et al. 68). What was life like in a Native American village before European exploration? I picture a village of many people sharing a land working together for the needs of the village. Some people thought that the Native Americans were savages but is that true? I think not. They had services not as a Christian would believe but they did join as a group and did worship. Who is to say that if you are not a Christian you cannot be saved? They took from the land what they needed to exist; they used every part of what they hunted. They used the skins for blankets, flooring, clothing and they ate the meat and found uses for everything they killed. They believed the people belonged to the land not, as the Europeans held, that the land belonged to people. In Native American societies, women also held subordinate positions, to men but not to the extreme found amongst the European men and women. In Iroquois villages, men sat in a circle to deliberate and make decisions, but the senior women of the village stood behind them, lobbying and instructing. The chief was often a male; the elder women of their tribe named them to their position. If they moved to far from the will of the women who appointed them, these chiefs were removed. (Nash et al. 12). The women played active rolls in all aspects of the tribal affairs and everyday life, such as planting and harvesting. The Native Americans were used in many different fashions during the early exploration and colonization of America. They were often used as guides, slaves, traders, and also as allies or enemies to the many different colonizing factions of the European countries. In Latin America many Native Americans surrendered when faced with European domination. Others were enslaved on plantations, where they mixed together with African slaves and survived, mixed in race and culture. The French found them very useful in the trade and allies along the Mississippi river valley and the interior of the Americas. The English found them to be blocking the progress to  advancing civilization of the coastal regions, but also found them to be useful allies during the French and Indian war. The Indian tribes who lived in and near the English colonies seemed natural subjects for enslavement, as had the Indians in Spanish America. Native American slavery was attempted, but the Native Americans did not make as good of slaves as Africans. For one thing, they were less accustomed to the settled agriculture at which they were expected to labor. Perhaps most importantly, Native Americans were not bewildered foreigners, weakened and cowed by the terrible experience of being transported to a new world. Native Americans were in their own homeland, where they were organized into tribes and nations; they were not so few and scattered as the Africans in the early decades of the colonies. By the time the colonists were sufficiently numerous and organized to enforce slavery on the Native Americans, an easier solution was presented by the ever larger number of more helpless Africans put on the block and sold by the slave traders. The British, who employed them after the British victory in the French and Indian War, started the practice of making treaties with the American Indians in the colonial period. During the American Revolution the U.S. government adopted the treaty system, signing its first treaty with the Delaware. The purposes of a treaty was to obtain tribal land, to determine boundaries between Indian and white lands, and to regulate trade. By adopting the treaty system, the British and U.S. government recognized the prior ownership of land by Native American tribes and status as independent nations. After the American colonists won their independence from England, the American government continued the English practice of treating the tribes as independent nations. Other Indians, particularly throughout the center of America, entered into the economic, religious, and social life of their conquerors and became the lowest class of the U.S. society. The European colonization of the New World had a great impact on the Native Americans In many ways and the majority of them were negative. I wonder it would have been like if it had been the other way around, if it had been the Native Americans who had colonized Europe. I also wonder why I never knew  these facts until I attended a college level history class. I believe that we should be taught the entire truth in high school not given the impression of Chris and the Native Americans sitting down at a table and sharing a nice meal and exchanging gifts. Works Cited Nash, Gary B., et al. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. Volume One to 1887.4th Edition. Los Angeles: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1998. Trickel, John A. Readings In United States History To 1877: Perspectives on America. Volume 1. New York: American Heritage Custom Publishing, 1

The Role of Water in the Lives of Organisms Essay -- Biology Essays

The Role of Water in the Lives of Organisms Water is perhaps the most important molecule for the survival and life of all living organisms because there is a wide spectrum of roles that it plays. The fact that the earth's surface consists of 70.8% water shows its significance and importance. ====================================================================== Firstly, water has the chemical formula Hg0 (two Hydrogen atoms to one Oxygen atom), the covalent bonds between which create cohesive forces. Water has a very high specific heat capacity, measuring 4,200 Joules, creating a stable environment for organisms to live in. This means that water does not heat up or cool down too rapidly due to the difficulty in breaking the hydrogen bonds, which restricts the movement of the water molecules. This property of water is beneficial to aquatic organisms (e.g. Fish, Jellyfish), as they do not have to keep adapting their own body temperatures for survival. Another property water has is its insulating nature in lakes and rivers. As water cools toward 0Â °C, the water molecules slow down to form the maximum number of hydrogen bonds. As this process continues, water molecules must give enough space for all four hydrogen bonds to fit, causing the water to expand as it freezes to form ice. Ice is less dense than the liquid form and therefore floats, a property very significant to the survival of fish as this layer of ice insulates the liquid water below to prevent the whole lake or river to freeze. Otherwise, this could be fatal for many organisms in the aquatic food web. Aquatic plants can survive in deep waters due to the fact th... ...er as sweat, the liquid gets turned into a vapour causing humans to cool down and control our body temperature (a homeostasis process). The cooling functions of water are connected to its high heat capacity nature. Water has influences on a large number of aspects of organisms' lives'. From habitat, transport, support, movement, fertilisation, insulator, roles of key processes (photosynthesis and respiration), protection from damage, homeostasis and gas exchange. Enzymes are very important in the body of some / most organisms and catalyse almost every reaction. However, they are soluble and will need water to function, as a result water is very important. Water is an important substrate for chemical reactions as well as product. Around 70% of human mass consists of water, in plants, 95% of mass consists of water.

Everyone’s Opinion

Opinion refers to someone’s point of view which cannot be proved to be true. Opinion also refers to judgments that are made by professionals regarding their belief. In law the word is used to refer to the various reasons that persuade judges to reach certain conclusions and make judgmental decisions. It is usually difficult to verify whether an opinion is true or false because there is no certainty about it and for this reason, opinions are not factual. (dictionary. reference. com). Everyone has his own opinion regarding various issues that affect everyday life, such as politics, the economy, social life, the world and unknown phenomena such as the existence of supernatural beings and life after death. Some of the opinions are based on cultural values, how an individual is socialized and how these factors affect the personal life of someone. Due to the diverse nature of opinions, some deserve respect from others while others do not deserve any attention mainly because they are baseless and hold no water. Some of the opinions that deserve to be respected include public opinion, opinion polls, and normative opinions. Idle opinions and personal baseless opinions do not necessarily merit respect but can sometimes be respected when they refer to important issues. Public opinion can be defined as the consensus of adult citizens pertaining to an issue or an agenda that touches their day to day lives. Opinion polls are usually conducted to get public opinion on important matters of the state that affect the economy, market trends and policies that determine governance. Such opinion polls deserve a lot of attention because they determine the kind of decisions that development stakeholders make in order to make progress economically and socially. Feedback from public opinion polls is a way of measuring the success or failure of the relevant institution. A good illustration is the opinion poll which was conducted in America on why nuclear energy should be supported. This poll was conducted on 2nd – 4th May 2003. The results showed that the majority of the citizens supported the usage of nuclear energy by two thirds. More than 70% agreed that nuclear energy licenses be renewed and more plants should be erected to increase energy supply. These numbers were even higher when the same poll was conducted in 2001 after some areas like California experienced power shortages. Such feedback offers the nuclear industry the necessary support from the general public to carry out its projects. Such kind of projects plays an important role in promoting development and boosting the economy. The opinion of the 30% who were against this development also cannot be ignored because their views could be of much benefit to the nuclear industry if considered as constructive criticism to improve the industry’s performance. Scontia: Why Americans Support Nuclear Energy: Development and Characteristics of Public Opinion in the U. S) Opinions that are not constructive in nature should not be given much attention because they are not beneficial. They are comprised of views that people don’t really believe in. Idle talk that happens during work or in the evening after work in blogs, and chatrooms quickly vanishes away. It is just that people want to engage in idle discussions. Idle opinion was first observed by Robert Webb when he went to the United Kingdom to feature some advertisement of Apple Mac He faced considerable criticism from people who should have been doing better things. These opinions were also not sought from them and they did not really believe in them (http://www. idleopinion. com/). The illustration above is a good example of opinions that should not be respected since they do not add any significant value to the matter at hand. Ignoring it is what is required and concentrating on work or matters of importance and general public interest should be the way forward.

Vegetarians vs. Meat-Eaters Rough Draft

Cassia Allen Mr. Gerleman Engl. 1301 18 June 2012 Vegetarian vs. Meat-eater Through personal experience I have witnessed the common misconception many people fall prey to: vegetarians are mal-nourished and unhealthy. This quick judgment comes from the knowledge that the human body needs protein to survive and our main source of protein comes from the meat of animals. Fortunately for vegetarians, this is not so. In fact, protein can be found in a variety of different foods, making life for a vegetarian not quite as difficult as one might think.Unlike a meat-eaters diet, by eating a vegetarian diet you can prevent health defects, gain important vitamins and maintain a level amount of energy throughout the day. Eating a vegetarian diet takes dedication but with the right knowledge of what will benefit your body and what will harm it, you can be rewarded with a number of positive aspects. Fruits and vegetables play a huge part in the prevention of health defects such as heart disease, di abetes and even cancer.But without knowing this, vegetarians can extremely warp the outcome of a vegetarian diet and intake more carbohydrates rather than vitamins from fruits and veggies. These vitamins are an absolute essential part of a vegetarian diet along with foods that will provide energy to the body such as leafy greens, nuts, beans and fresh produce. By eating these types of foods, vegetarians can have just as much or more energy in their day as a meat-eater would.Many meat-eaters in today’s society abuse the commendable aspects that meat can contain and gorge themselves in all of its fatty glory. Meat is commonly over-eaten and turned to fat in the body if not worked off through exercise. Because of nutrients such as amino acids, iron and protein; some meats can add to one’s defense system and help block harmful viruses from getting into the body. But this minimal amount of help that meat offers the immune system can easily be replaced by many other foods.Un fortunately the same cannot be said for the protein level meat contains. No vegetarian food can provide the same amount of protein that meat offers. Because of this, meat-eaters have a consistent amount of energy when doing every-day activities and usually do not tire easily. Looking past all the differences, both an omnivorous diet and a vegetarian diet have health benefits of their own but having a vegetarian diet means that you are acutely aware of these differences and strive for the benefits.

Masculinity, Movies And The War On Terror in Tvs hit Show 24 †Sociology Research Paper

Masculinity, Movies And The War On Terror in Tvs hit Show 24 – Sociology Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Masculinity, Movies And The War On Terror in Tvs hit Show 24 Sociology Research Paper When Robert Cochran and Joel Surnow began working on their new TV series 24 in early 2001, they could have had little idea how relevant and topical this seemingly innocuous action-adventure programme would become. Days before the show’s scheduled premiere, the September 11th terrorist attacks changed the USA’s political landscape in an instant. The show was immediately postponed (though only for a few days), and the initial episode was trimmed of the shot of a plane exploding in mid air , but the tragedy has hung over the show ever since (inevitably, given that the show centres around the fictional Los Angeles Counter Terrorism Unit in a country that has embarked on a ‘War On Terror’), and has undoubtedly informed the programme’s storylines and style, especially in the show’s second season, which explicitly parallels real-life events; the storyline revolves around a terrorist attack by Muslim fundamentalists and the appropriate(ness of) military response. This essay shall focus on the representations of masculinity, femininity and authority in 24, and how those representations appear to have been shaped by September 11th. 24’s central character, Jack Bauer (Kiefer Sutherland) has many obvious antecedents in American fiction. Perhaps his most obvious influence (perhaps even inspiration) is the character of Martin Riggs, played by Mel Gibson in Lethal Weapon (1987), a character whom Jack Bauer particularly resembles in Season 2 of 24. Both share a military background, rising to high levels and performing â€Å"black ops†, marking them out as highly trained and extremely dangerous characters (both characters’ experience and military training are demonstrated chiefly through their proficiency with firearms and their unflinching attitude towards killing). Both now work in a more domestic capacity (as a police officer and a CTU agent), and both characters (by Season 2 of 24) have lost their wives. Beyond this obvious precedent, however, Jack Bauer belongs to a long tradition of male action heroes who are willing to break the law in pursuit of the greater good – a tradition that can be traced back cinematically to the film noir heroes of the 1930s, and western heroes in the 1950s – tough and rugged men’s men, who are called upon to save a society which they do not necessarily conform to (e.g. Ethan Edwards [John Wayne] in The Searchers, or Sam Spade [Humphrey Bogart] in The Maltese Falcon). (In the context of 24 the society Bauer is unable to conform to is that of the espionage and law enforcement community: a closed society which follows a military command structure, where the ability to follow orders and play the political game is the most overwhelming requirement for success and promotion). Bauer is quickly shown to belong to this tradition of male action heroes in the first episode of 24, when he shoots his superior George Mason (Xander Berkeley) with a tranquilliser gun in order to blackmail George for information Bauer needs on the case. Indeed, Bauer’s disregard for authority and correct procedure often borders on the reckless, but he always breaks these rules in search of the greater good, never for his own personal gain, and in the first season much is made of Jack having made many enemies within CTU for reporting four corrupt agents. Once again, he breaks the rules and procedures of society (i.e. CTU) but never his own, personal code. Of course, Bauer is ultimately always proved correct, whilst his superiors almost invariably make the wrong move, forcing Bauer to work alone with minimal help from his colleagues at CTU. This of course serves the dramatic function of making Jack seem more heroic – going into a compound full of armed men with a SWAT team is a lot less courageous than going in alone. The character of Bauer does differ from these precedents in one important way, however: whereas most of these rugged heroes are doomed by their inability to fit in with society to live solitary lives, Bauer is a family man, and it is the kidnapping of his wife and daughter in the first season of 24 which drives the first 12 episodes, as Bauer is coerced into helping the terrorists in order to save his wife and daughters’ lives. During the course of the first two seasons of the show Jack is often confronted with mirror images of himself – most notably Ira Gaines (Michael Massee). Both characters have a similar military background, both kill without compunction, but whilst Gaines is now a mercenary, Jack works for the federal government, and whilst Bauer is a family man, there is no reference at any point to even the possibility of Gaines having a wife or children. The similarities between the two characters help to reinforce both the importance of family to the show and Jack’s work for the government, whilst simultaneously highlighting just how dangerous and brutal Jack Bauer can be; the similarities could even be said to raise questions as to whether Bauer’s actions are always morally justified, especially in light of the events of the second season. The second lead in 24 is Dennis Haysbert as Senator (and in Season 2, President) David Palmer. Whilst deeply different in many respects, Bauer and Palmer also have a great deal in common. Palmer is seen, like Bauer, to lack certain political skills (with a small ‘p’) – particularly the ability to compromise in order to promote his own agenda. Like Bauer he follows his own conscience and always does the right thing, rather than the most politically advantageous thing. Once again he does not entirely fit into the society around him (in this case the world of politics), and thus is at least partly also descended from the same tradition of men of honour in a dishonourable world that Bauer hails from. (Towards the end of season 2 Sherri Palmer makes the connection between the two men explicit: â€Å"You’re a very impressive man, Jack, but you see everything as either god or bad, just like David, and the world is so much more complicated than that.†) Palme r is also part of another, more recent tradition (perhaps even stereotype) in US cinema and television: that of the gruff but ultimately kindly and wise black man (e.g. Morgan Freeman in Deep Impact, Se7en and Bruce Almighty and James Earl Jones in Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger). In this context the show’s position on what it means to be ‘masculine’ is clear: a ‘real man’ follows his own moral code, not the conventions of the society around him – adhering to what is right is more important than politicking for personal gain and career advancement. However Jack and Palmer’s moral stance does not always go unquestioned, especially in season 2. â€Å"24 appreciates these complications [that Sherri mentions], even if it might wish Jack was right. It reveals dangers from within the US administration (emerging from corruption and ineptitude equally), from within the perfect Southern Californian family, from within those ‘corporate interests’ propped up by government policies. It also gives you a hero, but he’s mad about it.† The concept of family is central to the first season of 24, as both Jack Bauer and David Palmer have to resolve issues within their families. Jack’s marriage is on shaky ground following him and his wife Teri’s recent separation, and Teri must in turn rebuild her relationship with her daughter Kim (Elisha Cuthbert) who blames Teri for Teri and Jack’s marital difficulties. Similarly Senator Palmer must come to terms with the revelation that his entire family covered up his son’s involvement in the accidental death of the man who raped his daughter several years previously, and the increasing realisation that his wife Sherri (Penny Johnson-Jerald) cannot be trusted. The villains of the first season are also revealed in the final episodes to be a family – the Drazens – whose sisters’ deaths were caused by Bauer and Palmer in a ‘black op’ during the Kosovo war (the rightness of their actions in attempting to assassinate Victor Drazen are never questioned: the issue is dismissed as Palmer describes him as â€Å"a monster† who was involved in ethnic cleansing – this is a contrast with the show’s second season), and great pains are taken to point out the poor family background of Rick, Kim’s reluctant kidnapper who later helps Kim and Teri escape Gaines (when Kim asks him at one point about his mother replies â€Å"Not all women are meant to be mothers†). In the Palmer subplot all the problems begin with the family’s failure to be honest with each other (specifically with Sherri’s failure to tell her husband what happened), and with David Palmer’s failure to keep his work from infringing on his private life. Teri even makes the point explicit at one point, opining â€Å"Everything bad that has happened to us in the past few hours has been because we haven’t been together.† The moral is not hard to mistake: that the family is paramount to all other concerns (Jack even risks Palmer’s life to save his own family), and those without a supportive and positive family life are weakened by the lack – Palmer’s whole family suffers the repercussions of the cover up, Rick is an essentially good person who falls in with a bad crowd due to his poor upbringing, and the Drazens are evil because a) their father was evil and b) Bauer and Palmer are responsible for the deaths of their sisters. In light of this it is worth examining the role of women in the first season of 24. With one exception (Roberta Green, who impedes Jack’s investigation not through treachery but through mismanagement and her dogmatic approach to her work) all the female characters in the first season fall into one of two categories: they are either damsels in distress, in need of rescue by the heroic men (i.e. Jack Bauer), or they are duplicitous and untrustworthy. The most obvious examples of female characters who require rescuing are Teri and Kim, but others include Janet York (Kim’s friend, who arranges the party where Kim is ultimately kidnapped) and David Palmer’s daughter (whom Palmer feels he must protect from the allegations regarding his son and thus prevent her having to revisit the memory of her rape). Even more worryingly, duplicitous women are as prevalent as helpless ones. Jamie Farrell (CTU’s computer programmer) is revealed to be in league with Ira Gaines; Nina ultimately is revealed to be a traitor and kills Teri; Sherri Palmer lies repeatedly to her husband and goes behind his back often enough that over the course of just 24 hours she destroys their entire marriage. Even Jamie Farrell’s mother knows more than she is at first willing to let on, having been the recipient of the money Jamie received from Gaines. Even Gaines has trouble with untrustworthy women when one of his employees tries to blackmail him for more money. Admittedly these roles are not absolutes: Teri and Kim show resilience and resourcefulness in aiding Jack find them when they have been kidnapped, but ultimately they still just wait around for Jack to rescue them. Similarly, Sherri truly believes she is doing the right thing for her family, and Jamie Farrell still elicits sympathy despite being a traitor. The most worrying aspect of this stereotyping is how often the duplicitousness of the female characters is conflated with sexuality. Nina is coded as a threat from the very beginning of the series – not as a potential traitor (after the first three episodes great pains are taken by the writers to convince the audience that she is a heroic character, to the extent that her final unmasking in the penultimate episode of season one makes no sense) – but as a threat to Jack’s marriage. We are told early on that Jack had a brief affair with Nina whilst he was separated from Teri, and reminders of this point are scattered throughout the season (CTU officials trying to persuade her to give away Jack’s location mock her for being in love with someone who doesn’t love her, and Teri ends Nina’s debriefing when she realises it was Nina whom Jack had the affair with). Thus tension is present in her relationship with Jack the entire time. Indeed, any devia tion from sex within a marriage is seemingly punished, or coded as a threat. Gaines’ troublesome employee is a lesbian; she is both untrustworthy and ultimately killed for her actions (the question must be asked whether in the meta-narrative she is truly punished for betraying Gaines – the villain of the piece – or for being a lesbian). Kim does not have sex with Rick when they first go on a date, and lives. Janet York does have sex with her date, and dies. One of Palmer’s campaign workers is having what is largely portrayed as a purely physical, casual relationship with a man who turns out to be one of the Drazen brothers, and she manages to straddle both the helpless victim and scheming seductress roles, as she agrees to help Jack get information on Alexis Drazen, but instead takes the opportunity to stab her lover. Even Sherri Palmer persuades David’s speech writer to attempt to seduce him so that she gain his confidence and report back to Sherr i. The only characters who are allowed to have pre- or extra-marital sex and live are Jack Bauer and Mandy (Mia Kirshner), and both are punished by the death of their partner. One of the most notable features of 24 is the recurring theme of trust and betrayal. Some critics have placed it as part of a new wave of television drama series which place as their central theme the question of whether governments and the people around us can be trusted. In the traditional police/action show â€Å"the police need togetherness to survive rather than utility-maximising individualism† , though they have also traditionally held as a theme â€Å"the fate of the individual ‘under’ technologisation† . 24 subverts this notion of togetherness, as the people and colleagues Bauer turns to for help are frequently revealed to be traitors. Perhaps even more importantly, the upper echelons of the CTU command structure are inevitably shown to be more politicians than policemen. They hinder Jack’s investigations far more often than they help him, and are far more concerned with the letter of the law (and helping their own careers) than with hunting down criminals. In the second season the President’s cabinet even turns on him and removes him from office. This mistrust of authority is an increasingly common theme in television drama series, particularly in the US, and can be traced back to the X-Files . More recently Alias (which premiered within weeks of 24) has based its entire series’ concept on the concept of trust, with even the lead character being a double agent. In the final episode of season one Jack is told (erroneously) by Nina that Kim has been killed. With no thought to his own safety he attacks the Drazens single-handedly and kills all of them, before finally murdering an unarmed Victor Drazen (Dennis Hopper), the father of the family. This extreme violence is justified within the context of the episode as he believes his daughter has been murdered, but he spends the entire second season in the same vicious mood. At the beginning of season two Jack is still grieving the death of his wife – he is angry and embittered, and much more violent. In the very first episode of the second season Jack murders a suspect in cold blood, then cuts off his head with a hacksaw. The reactions of the characters around him (particularly George Mason, played by Xander Berkely) help to guide the audience’s reaction: although they ultimately accept Jack’s actions as necessary in light of the massive threat facing the city, they are still deeply uncomfortable with them, and references are made to this incident throughout much of the second season. After all, the good guys aren’t supposed to murder people. Throughout the season Bauer is far more brutal than in the first, and kills far more people – in the first season when Jack rescues Teri and Kim from Gaines’ compound, Jack uses his machine gun for covering fire. Throughout the second season, Jack shoots to kill. It is hard in this context not to see Bauer in the second season as representing the US as a whole – just as Jack is grieving his wife’s death, and is angry at the world for that, similarly the US was (and in many respects still is) grieving the victims of the terrorist attacks on September 11th 2001, and is angry at the world for that. Although Jack’s actions, as the show’s hero, are only occasionally implicitly questioned (do the ends justify the means?), the show, later in its second season, much more explicitly criticises US foreign policy, as the focus of the storyline shifts away from finding the nuclear bomb, and towards preventing the US from starting a war with three countries who may be innocent (it is this issue which causes the hawks in Palmer’s administration to relieve him of his presidency). As Kiefer Sutherland says on his DVD commentary track: â€Å"Our show is about preventing a war; our country, unfortunately, is currently at war [with Iraq].† In this situation it is also interesting that the threat from within the government ranks comes not from traitors (though a couple are revealed within the White House early on in the season), but from honest people who genuinely believe they are doing the right thing. In these parameters the issue of trust moves from a personal to a national dimension: the question is not whether the people around the hero will betray him, but whether our leaders can be trusted to be capable of carrying out the task which they have been given. In its second season women are also far better represented: Michelle Dessler at CTU is an aid to Jack and acts heroically in defying her orders to do so. Similarly Kate Warner (who begins as an innocent bystander) withstands torture and later faces her torturer. Jack later sends her to rescue Kim as the only person he can trust. Bizarrely it would seem that as the US moved to the right politically, 24 moved to the left. The first season revolves around the theme of family, which is elevated through the stakes of the narrative to a level of life-or-death importance. Women are either helpless victims in need of rescuing, or deceitful and scheming (often posing a threat not just explicitly within the narrative, but implicitly to the family stability of either Jack Bauer or David Palmer), and the threat from within the government comes largely from these duplicitous women, who are traitors seeking only financial reward (when the threat is not these traitors it comes from petty self-serving bureaucrats who lack the courage to break the rules as Jack does: thus for following the rules these people are demonised). In its second season the focus shifts away from the closed domestic world to the international arena, and whilst Jack becomes ever more violent, even trigger-happy, the show itself calls for peace (even t o the extent of implicitly questioning its heroes’ actions), and for governments (specifically the US government) to resort to war less readily than they currently do. Bibliography *Due to the fact that 24 is a relatively new show (less than three years old) there is very little critical writing available on the programme. â€Å"TV drama says ‘Trust No-One’† by Amanda Cuda at www.uselessknowledge.com/opeds/article87.html â€Å"Action Series† by Toby Miller – The Television Genre Book, ed. by Glen Creeber, St Edmundsberry Press, Suffolk, BFI publishing 2001, p.18 popmatters.com/tv/reviews/t/24-season-2.shtml www.salon.com/ent/tv/int/2002/02/05/surnow/ Research Papers on Masculinity, Movies And The War On Terror in Tv's hit Show 24 - Sociology Research PaperWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Hockey GameHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Spring and AutumnCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtThe Fifth Horseman

buy custom American Airways essay

buy custom American Airways essay The Pan American World Airways Flight 103, third daily scheduled transatlantic flight from the British capital, London Heathrow Airport to Americas New Yorks John F. Kennedy International Airport. In the year 1988 the month of December, on a Wednesday, the aircraft flying this route- a Boeing 747-121, which took the name Clipper Maid of the Seas, was destroyed by a bomb. Having registered N739PA, shortly was bombed and killed all of it is 243 passengers and the 16 crew members. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body (Alder, 2008). The rest of the wreck was able to scatter at an approximate of 50 miles of distance. It is also recorded that eleven other people were killed in Lockerbie, to the south of Scotland, as a result of the section of the plane fell in the town and destroyed several houses that added to causality level of a total of fatalities of 270. The Gulf Wer triggered by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990 sent fuel prices sky-rocketing, which harshly depressed global economic activity. This in turn caused a sharp slimming down of worldwide air travel demand, this plunged the profits obtained from operations including Pan Am's chief transatlantic routes into deep losses. Flight 103 was over Lockerbie when it exploded. Many residents explained the sky lighting up and a large, deafening roar. People who the plane immediately saw it come down quickly to pieces. It was witnessed by the large pieces of the plane scattered on the ground right in the field, at the backyard and on faces and on the roof tops. The plane was already on fire before it even hit the ground. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. This is because fuel from the plane was already on fire and as a result. As a result, the event is also known as the Lockerbie bombing (Aruba, 2011). Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) was founded on October 27, 1927 seeing that United States of America primary global airline. The petite industry began flying air correspondences connecting Key West, Florida and Havana, Cuba. Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. This undermined the traveling public's confidence in the viability of the reorganized Pan Am pushing the firm to sink further. Pan Am Flight 103 taxied out of the gateway at Heathrow airfield in London by 6:04 p.m. scheduled December 21, 1988 - four days previous to Christmas. The 243 passengers and 16 crew members were preparing themselves for a comparatively lengthy journey to New York. Following taxiing for a few minutes, Flight 103, on a Boeing 747, took-off at 6:25 p.m. They had no thought that they simply had 38 extra minutes to survive. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt (Alder, 2008). At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. . Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day (Aruba, 2011). Via 6:50 p.m., the aircraft had assumed 32,002 feet. At 7:00 p.m., the aircraft exploded. Control had now been providing voyage 103's permission to initiate its deep-sea section of their flight to New York, when Flight 103's jinx went off their radar. A moment soon the one large blip was replaced with manifold blips traveling downwind. . It is recorded that among the 259 people who died, 179 of these people were of American origin. Over and above, it bombing brought a lot of fear and security among the people of America. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. However it is not defined on the terror of the bombing as to the regard of the crash, this bomb and its aftermath was just the most recent in a string of similar events. This is thought to be a revenge of the bombing that was ordered by President Ronald Reagan in the Berlin night club at the Libyas capital and the Libyan city of the Benghazi in the year 1986, which took the name Clipper Maid of the Seas, was destroyed by a bomb. Having registered N739PA, shortly was bombed and killed all of it is 243 passengers and the 16 crew members. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt (Alder, 2008). Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day .At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. The rest of the wreck was able to scatter at an approximate of 50 miles of distance (Aruba, 2011). For the inhabitants of Lockerbie, Scotland, their shock was just about to instigate. "It was like meteors falling from the blue," described a local Ann McPhail. The 243 passengers and 16 crew members were preparing themselves for a comparatively lengthy journey to New York. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. Following taxiing for a few minutes, Flight 103, on a B oeing 747, took-off at 6:25 p.m. They had no thought that they simply had 38 extra minutes to survive (Aruba, 2011). Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day Flight 103 was over Lockerbie when it exploded. Many residents explained the sky lighting up and a large, deafening roar. People who the plane immediately saw it come down quickly to pieces. Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the gne is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day It was witnessed by the large pieces of the plane scattered on the ground right in the field, at the backyard and on faces and on the roof tops. Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s (Alder, 2008). To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day. The plane was already on fire before it even hit the ground. This is because fuel from the plane was already on fire and as a result. Some part of the plane that landed on the house tops caused the houses to catch fire as they greatly exploded (Aruba, 2011). It is recorded that one of the planes wings hit the ground in the southern of Lockerbie. The effect of this was that high that it created crater of 155 feet long. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. The rest of the wreck was able to scatter at an approximate of 50 miles of distance (Burns and Mitchell, 2006). Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. It is an estimate of 21 houses of the town of Lockerbie that were destroyed but the number could be higher and 11 people were left death. This meant that the death toll was 270 in total that is 259 aboard the plane plus 11 on the ground (Alder, 2008). The number of those who died was from 21 countries, but the large proportion of these people came from United States of America. It is recorded that among the 259 people who died, 179 of these people were of American origin. Over and above, it bombing brought a lot of fear and security among the people of America. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. However it is not defined on the terror of the bombing as to the regard of the crash, this bomb and its aftermath was just the most recent in a string of similar events. This is thought to be a revenge of the bombing that was ordered by President Ronald Reagan in the Berlin night club at the Libyas capital and the Libyan city of the Benghazi in the year 1986. Pan Am would develop to provide ma inly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result (Aruba, 2011). Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day. This was a belief in the peoples mind that it was retaliation for those bombing in Libya. The petite industry began flying air correspondences connecting Key West, Florida and Havana, Cuba. Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s (Alder, 2008). In the year 1988, the USS Vincennes (a U.S. guided missile cruiser) deliberately shot down the Iranian passenger jet hence killing 290 people on the spot were on board. It was evident this caused as much horror and sorrow as the explosion on Flight 103. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day The U.S. administration claims that the USS Vincennes erroneously recognized the passenger airplane as an F-14 fighter jet (Aruba, 2011). Other individuals believe that the terror attack over Lockerbie was in revenge for this disaster. It is after the air crash that the article in the Newsweek stated, Right after the crash, an article in Newsweek stated, "It would be up to George Bush to decide whether, and how, to retaliate" Does America have any more right to "hit back" than do the Arab countries? (Burns and Mitchell, 2006). This was followed up by an extensive research based on the investigation to what caused the 103 Pan Am Flight to come down. This involved an interview of 15,000 people and examined 180,000 pieces of evidence among the 40 countries. The findings were as follows that the bomb was made from a plastic explosive Semtex and was activated by a timer. This bomb was hidden in a Toshiba radio cassette player which also placed inside a brown Samsonite suitcase. The question that remained unanswered was who actually put the bomb in the suitcase and how it got into plane. According to the investigators they believe they received a big break when a man and his dogs went through the forest of about 80 miles from Lockerbie. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie (Aruba, 2011). Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body. In that cause of walking they found a T- shirt which later turned out to have pieces of the timer in it. After this, it followed a trace of the T-shirt as well as the maker of the timer. The investigators felt confident that they had known who the maker of the T-shirt was and hence who bombed the Flight 103- Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed al-Megrahi and Al Amin Khalifa Fhimah. The Pan American World Airways Flight 103, third daily scheduled transatlantic flight from the British capital, London Heathrow Airport to Americas New Yorks John F. Kennedy International Airport. In the year 1988 the month of December, on a Wednesday, the aircraft flying this route- a Boeing 747-121, which took the name Clipper Maid of the Seas, was destroyed by a bomb (Alder, 2008). Having registered N739PA, shortly was bombed and killed all of it is 243 passengers and the 16 crew members. It is also recorded that eleven other people were killed in Lockerbie, to the south of Scotland, as a result of the section of the plane fell in the town and destroyed several houses that added to causality level of a total of fatalities of 270. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body (Aruba, 2011). The petite industry began flying air correspondences connecting Key West, Florida and Havana, Cuba. Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American ciities by the early 1930s. . Pan Am would develop to provide mainly key Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day. To the gone is one of Pan Am's before time Fokker F-7 aircraft. Operations were rationalized and thousands of employees retrenched. Some feared such efforts would compromise safety, especially if necessary maintenance was deferred to save money, but these fears proved groundless contributing to the continued sinking of the Pan Am airline (Aruba, 2011). The history records that in the year 1935 Pan Am would start the Trans-Pacific service to Manila right in the Philippines through Hawaii, midway Island, and Guam. This later meant that thereafter the Manila service would extend onto Macau and Hong Kong. This service was initially inaugurated with the famous Martin 130"China Clipper" flying boat which is seen on the right. Other individuals believe that the terror attack over Lockerbie was in revenge for this disaster. It is after the air crash that the article in the Newsweek stated, Right after the crash, an article in Newsweek stated, "It would be up to George Bush to decide whether, and how, to retaliate" Does America have any more right to "hit back" than do the Arab countries? This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body (Alder, 2008). In the year 1939 Pan Am started a Trans Atlantic service with the Boeing 314 Yankee Clipper. This resulted to two different ways to operated on this point in time. The first one was the northern route that did include stops in Newfoundland and Ireland en route to South Hampton. The southern direction operated passing through Bermuda the Azores en route to Lisbon, Portugal Marseille, France. These routes would be abridged and eliminated as warfare spread all through Europe with the outburst of World War II. The 243 passengers and 16 crew members were preparing themselves for a comparatively lengthy journey to New York. Following taxiing for a few minutes, Flight 103, on a Boeing 747, took-off at 6:25 p.m. They had no thought that they simply had 38 extra minutes to survive. At this time, the eruption of the war Pan Am made them have an extensive experience with the long distance flying than the US Air Force. This greatly helped to offer unmerged assistance directed to the US in buil ding airports all around the world. This included training of the pilots (Aruba, 2011). At the eruption of the war Pan Am had more experience with long distance flying than the US Air Force and was able to offer unparalleled assistance to the United States in building airports around the globe, training pilots, navigators and radio operators, ferrying supplies aircraft as well as flying special critical missions. Pan Am's most famous flight of World War II was carrying President Roosevelt to Africa to meet with Stalin Churchill. The President flew on his birthday and is seen on the right enjoying birthday cake aboard a Pan Am B314 Clipper (Aruba, 2011). The pan Am airline also suffered from skewed financial policies of the federal government who lent other airlines from other countries like Japan at lower interest rate than its own pan Am airline worsening its financial viability. There were also the discrepancies in fees charged on landing from other Airlines which happened to be higher for Pan Am than other Airline companies. By the mid-1970s, Pan Am had accumulated losses and its debts approached high unmanageable figures. This threatened the airline with bankruptcy. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body (Burns and Mitchell, 2006). The rival firms convinced the congress that Pan Am would use its political influence to monopolize most of the US air routes and this led to the authorities repeatedly denying the airline permission to operate within the United States, as a result of an amalgamation with another airline. As a result, Pan Am remained an American carrier operating international routes only which consequently affected its profit margin and the entire financial muscle. This situation was further worsened by the deregulation of most Airline industries which compelled most of the US domestic operators who began competing with Pan Am internationally substantially reducing their market size (Burns and Mitchell, 2006). Pan American decision not to take delivery of the A320s and to put up for sale its delivery positions to Banff meant that the greater part of its short-haul US domestic and European mainline feeder routes, as well as most of its IGS services, continued to be flown with technologically obsolete 727s. This put it at a business disadvantage against rivals operating state-of-the-art aircraft with a greater passenger appeal facilitating its operational and financial woes. On December 21, 1988, the terrorist bombing of Pan Am flight 103above Lockerbie, Scotland,resulted in 270 dead Pan Am's iconic image had made it a constant target for terrorists, resulting in many travelers avoiding the airline as they had begun to associate it with danger. The firm was also found to be suffering from security lapses which led to it being fined by the FAA to the advantage of other rival airlines that suffered less damage over the same. This effect was able to displace an approximate of 1500 tons of dirt. At four miles, the nose of the plane was able to discover in the town of Lockerbie. Many of those witnessed this circumstance, humorously said that this reminded them of the nose of the fishs head cut from its body (Alder, 2008). The Gulf War triggered by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990 sent fuel prices sky-rocketing, which harshly depressed global economic activity. This in turn caused a sharp slimming down of worldwide air travel demand, this plunged the profits obtained from operations including Pan Am's chief transatlantic routes into deep losses. These unexpected events constituted an additional major blow to Pan Am, which was still reeling from the 1988 disaster. All these events forced Pan Am to sell most of its routes serving London Heathrow arguably Pan Am's most important international destination to United Airlines leading to subsequent cost cutting measures accompanied by the elimination of 2,500 jobs which represented 8.6% of its total work force (Burns and Mitchell, 2006). After so many challenges in the Pan Am airlines it set out to re launch in 1991 which was accompanied by additional costs. Pan Am continued to sustain deep losses as result. Its revenue throughout the re launching year of 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with claims that Pan Am was losing millions of dollars a day. This undermined the traveling public's confidence in the viability of the reorganized Pan Am pushing the firm to sink further (Alder, 2008). Due to pressure to survive, Pan Am airlines cut wages and other terminal benefits, but this strategy resulted in strikes and worse productivity. Operations were rationalized and thousands of employees retrenched. Some feared such efforts would compromise safety, especially if necessary maintenance was deferred to save money, but these fears proved groundless contributing to the continued sinking of the Pan Am airline (Burns and Mitchell, 2006). Inconsistent management practices experienced by the Pan Am airline were also responsible for the performance dwindle that led to its ultimate downfall. This was attributed to frequent management turnover with varying policies that affected the flow of operations in the firm (Burns and Mitchell, 2006). Buy custom American Airways essay

10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun

10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun 10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun 10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun By Maeve Maddox Compound nouns are of three kinds: open, hyphenated, and closed. As the names imply, â€Å"open compounds† are written as separate words, â€Å"hyphenated compounds† are written with one or more hyphens, and â€Å"closed compounds† are written as a single word. Many compounds begin as open, progress to hyphenated, and finish as closed. Because of the modern preference to avoid hyphenating words as much as possible, newly created compounds tend to develop closed forms earlier than they might have in the past. Some compounds written as one word in US usage are hyphenated in British usage. Compound nouns are formed by combining different parts of speech. This list of ten is not exhaustive. 1. noun + noun wheeler-dealer bedroom shoelace 2. noun + preposition/adverb hanger-on voice-over passerby (Br. passer-by) 3. noun + adjective attorney general battle royal poet laureate 4. noun + verb airlift haircut snowfall 5. adjective + noun high school poor loser redhead 6. adjective + verb well-being whitewashing 7. preposition/adverb + noun off-ramp onlooker 8. verb + noun singing lesson washing machine 9. verb + preposition/adverb warm-up know-how get-together follow-through 10. word + preposition + word free-for-all mother-in-law word-of-mouth Most compound nouns form their plurals like any other noun: by adding an s to the end of the word: wheeler-dealers, washing machines, onlookers. A few, like mother-in-law and hole in one do not place the s at the end, but on the most significant word: mothers-in-law, holes in one. Some compounds of French origin in which the adjective stands last have more than one acceptable plural (depending upon the dictionary): attorney generals or attorneys general court martials or courts martial film noirs, films noir, or films noirs runner-ups or runners-up Because there are no hard and fast rules regarding the writing of compound nouns, stylebooks advise writers to consult a dictionary when in doubt. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Time Words: Era, Epoch, and EonHow Do You Pronounce "Often"?

Intro to Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intro to Art - Essay Example Claude Monet belonged to the Impressionist genre of artists who aimed to preserve â€Å"the visual freshness of the first fleeting moment† (Heinrich 32) of a scene. In his portrayal, the artist did not categorise or differentiate the various objects in the scene through traditional artistic principles. Monet’s subject matter on canvas were the first impressions of a scene, composed of â€Å"blocks of colours, surface patterns, and the very air as defined by light† (Heinrich 32). The artist termed his concept as l’instantaneite, and made it his life’s work. However, he experienced despair at times, due to the unresolvable contradiction that is inherent in the aim to preserve permanently the passing moment. Boulevard des Capucines (Fig.1 below) is a distinctive portrayal of the busy Paris boulevard from an aerial perspective, viewed through the cold and damp air of winter (Nelson-Atkins, 2008). The painting portrays crowds hurrying along the pavement, and has the â€Å"blurred schematic look of an early photograph† (Ruhrberg et al 7). The brushwork of all Impressionist paintings contributed to their looking like early photographs which had a coarse-grained texture. Further, Impressionist paintings emphasized light effects in the scene; and this is evident in Monet’s flickering representation of haze and light using vibrant dabs of paint for the snow-covered ground, the people and the background images. This is supported by Forgione (p.671) who believes that in this painting human bodies look hazy, distorted, and are â€Å"reflective surfaces whose integrity is compromised by penetrating atmospheric vibrations†. Other typically impressionist features of the painting are the blue shadows and the depiction of pedestrians using bold, individual brush strokes. The forms are made to appear blurred in order to represent motion with people walking briskly in the cold air. Nelson-Atkins (2008) reiterates that Monet depicted the elusive quality of movement with

MA INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MA INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - Essay Example It focuses on studies of conditions pre and post 2003 war. This study will focus on human rights violations and its impact on the international relations of Iraq with various countries. International Relations which has developed as a branch of Political Science and it studies foreign affairs of states and relations among states within the international system. In the present scenario the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs) have become very important to determine the International Relations among states. These cover various issues of politics, economics, security and peace and human rights. To formulate any foreign policy all these issues are being analysed and concerned. The diverse range of issues covered in International Relations studies range from globalisation to cultural studies, cross cultural impacts, ecology, nuclear issues terrorism and human security to human rights. One of the approaches of international relations is Inter-statist approach where in State is divided into two separate domains of internatl and external(international) domains. International norms along with human rights comes under the External domain. Understanding of international domain depands in agreeing on various issues and rules. Human rights in Iraq have been one of the concerns of international communities from the past. Human rights have been reported to be violated reign of Saddam Hussein and even after Gulf war in 1991. In Saddam’s period Government had repressed anyone who opposed or questioned any decision. Government had control over major industries and oil production. The human rights violations included Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life, disappearance of people after military occupations, Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Arbitrary Arrest,

Comparison of Neoliberalism and Structural Realism Essay

Comparison of Neoliberalism and Structural Realism - Essay Example Besides the role of sharing information, neoliberalism and structural realism have their similarity in belief in anarchy and differences on perceptions of international cooperation and the driving forces behind it. Both think that anarchy influences how states behave toward each other. They are different because neoliberalists believe that international cooperation is possible because states value economic interests too, not only military power, while structural realists think that this is difficult to achieve. Mearsheimer explained that realists believe that the state is the principal actor in international politics and states are concerned of balance of power. State activities are connected to their position in the balance of power, specifically use of military power (University of California Television, 2008). Structural realists do not think it is possible to have successful international cooperation in this context of desire for hegemony through military power. Neoliberalism dis agrees because international regimes can make this attainable, especially when economic interests through international cooperation are also essential for states. Neoliberalism assumes that states want to attain international cooperation primarily because of economic interests, while structural realism disagrees because world governmental authority cannot effectively enforce agreements among states. Neoliberalism believes that states want to share quality information through international organizations.

Compare the Economies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare the Economies - Essay Example Examining unemployment levels is one important way of looking at the reason behind the reported high poverty levels in a country. The unemployment level for this purpose shall refer to the number of non-working (and therefore unproductive) individuals who are of working age (usually 15 years old and above). The number of people in a given population without jobs indicates the type of labor force the country has. Unemployment rates may invoke questions such as "Why aren't there enough jobs for everyone of working age" "Are there not enough business enterprises or investments in the country that contribute to job creation" or "If there are available jobs, why aren't the people employed" "Do people choose not to work at all" or "Are there issues in literacy and education as well" In addition, trends in unemployment levels may indicate how a country is progressing in terms of its growth and development. Since Vietnam and the Philippines are still in their developing stages, the unemploym ent level could be an important indicator of how well and how fast they are achieving their development goals. In summary, a country's unemployment rate may provide a lot of insights on its economic growth and development. High unemployment rates could only mean two things:... High unemployment rates could only mean two things: either job seekers could not be given the jobs they are looking for or people simply do not want to work, that is, participate in the labor force. Given the status of the two countries chosen for this assignment as being underdeveloped and having large populations under the poverty line, it is highly unlikely that people in these two nations would not want to work and earn income at all. The latter type of situation is more likely to occur in highly developed countries wherein governments can provide for substantial subsidies for their citizens living allowances. In the case of Vietnam and the Philippines, both countries barely have enough financial resources to offer free education to the public, much less to provide for the daily needs of their poor. Thus, unemployment in this context shall be focused on not having enough jobs for qualified job seekers. A country's economy is usually gauged as positive or negative in terms of what goods and services it produces, how much of these are actually produced, how these goods and services are produced and for whom and how production rates can grow over a period of time. Simply put, a country's economic growth largely depends on its capacity to produce. Productivity in turn is influenced or affected by the availability and utilization of capital, natural resources and the labor force, among others. In order to produce goods and services, there must be work involved in the process and work is done by skillful and knowledgeable workers, which constitute the labor force. Thus, all things being equal, if more people are able to work, more goods and services may be produced and if there is a constant increase in the number of people who work, steady productivity

Business and sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business and sustainability - Essay Example However, the introduction of the approach that â€Å"cleantech† offers is something of a different entity entirely. As such, cleantech necessarily refers to the way in which technology can be utilized both as a means of providing a diminished negative impact upon the environment as well as providing a superior level of performance at lower cost. In such a way, cleantech is able to not only benefit the interests of the natural environment but also benefit the interests of stakeholders within the firm that seek to maximize revenue by increasing efficiency and productivity. In such a way, the utilization of cleantech comes to be something of a win – win situation. Whereas it is oftentimes seen that businesses and industry can only maximize profits through increasing production, cleantech necessarily promotes the understanding that changes in technology necessarily promote increase in efficiency that has a positive impact upon overall profits as well as a diminished negativ e impact that the process of production might necessarily engaged the environment. As a function of understanding and describing cleantech to a more full and complete degree, the following analysis will be concentric upon the means by which cleantech is ultimately the definition of a sustainable business. Before delving directly and answering whether cleantech is or is not the hallmark of sustainability, it must be necessary to understand the cleantech, and the application thereof, necessitates that the industry/firm in question be perennially aware and cognizant of whatever changes might be taking place within the technological environment. The reason that this awareness is so necessary is due to the fact that the firm will not be able to integrate with these technological changes and thereby enhance their overall efficiency unless they are continually seeking means by which the process in which they engage can be streamlined. Although cleantech represents an important progression with regards to the way in which business/industry seeks to integrate both with the needs to generate income and the needs to preserve the environment, it would not be fair to say that sustainable business is all about cleantech. The reason for this is due to the fact that sustainability and business cannot and should not be defined based upon cleantech alone. In such a way, cleantech should be viewed as a process and means whereby a firm/industry can seek to benefit itself with the tangential benefit of benefitting the environment. Although this is a net positive for all players involved, it nonetheless does not have sustainability as its primary mission or goal. Instead, it merely allows for the ancillary benefit of environmental consciousness. An obvious example of the way in which cleantech works in order to benefit both the company and the environment would necessarily be the utilization of a better and more efficient process of production than had previously been employed. Mor eover, the process itself is not the sole contingent category; instead, the actual inputs to the process or the building or facility within which the product is created can also include components of cleantech. In short, cleanteach is not restricted to a simplistic understanding of the components of any particular project. As such, the range and scope of materials and processes which it includes is so broad as

Compare the Economies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare the Economies - Essay Example Examining unemployment levels is one important way of looking at the reason behind the reported high poverty levels in a country. The unemployment level for this purpose shall refer to the number of non-working (and therefore unproductive) individuals who are of working age (usually 15 years old and above). The number of people in a given population without jobs indicates the type of labor force the country has. Unemployment rates may invoke questions such as "Why aren't there enough jobs for everyone of working age" "Are there not enough business enterprises or investments in the country that contribute to job creation" or "If there are available jobs, why aren't the people employed" "Do people choose not to work at all" or "Are there issues in literacy and education as well" In addition, trends in unemployment levels may indicate how a country is progressing in terms of its growth and development. Since Vietnam and the Philippines are still in their developing stages, the unemploym ent level could be an important indicator of how well and how fast they are achieving their development goals. In summary, a country's unemployment rate may provide a lot of insights on its economic growth and development. High unemployment rates could only mean two things:... High unemployment rates could only mean two things: either job seekers could not be given the jobs they are looking for or people simply do not want to work, that is, participate in the labor force. Given the status of the two countries chosen for this assignment as being underdeveloped and having large populations under the poverty line, it is highly unlikely that people in these two nations would not want to work and earn income at all. The latter type of situation is more likely to occur in highly developed countries wherein governments can provide for substantial subsidies for their citizens living allowances. In the case of Vietnam and the Philippines, both countries barely have enough financial resources to offer free education to the public, much less to provide for the daily needs of their poor. Thus, unemployment in this context shall be focused on not having enough jobs for qualified job seekers. A country's economy is usually gauged as positive or negative in terms of what goods and services it produces, how much of these are actually produced, how these goods and services are produced and for whom and how production rates can grow over a period of time. Simply put, a country's economic growth largely depends on its capacity to produce. Productivity in turn is influenced or affected by the availability and utilization of capital, natural resources and the labor force, among others. In order to produce goods and services, there must be work involved in the process and work is done by skillful and knowledgeable workers, which constitute the labor force. Thus, all things being equal, if more people are able to work, more goods and services may be produced and if there is a constant increase in the number of people who work, steady productivity

NIKEs Cheap Labor Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NIKEs Cheap Labor - Case Study Example This paper illustrates that there are several allegations against Nike for its labor practices. Nike, as we know, is the largest shoe manufacturing company. In Indonesia, Nike pays a minimum wage of $2.50 a day to its workers although the daily livable wage in Indonesia is $4.00 to $4.50 a day. The case also reflects the poor living conditions of the workers employed in Nike. Other instances of suppression include settling labor issues through the military, compelling workers for overtime without pay, sexual harassment and molestation of female employees, and total negligence of the welfare of the workers. Nike was definitely at fault because its resources to control, prevent job injuries, tools for advocating health and safety of its workers is not very pertinent. Finally, high rates of occupational illness and poor compensation are a result of inequality in political power. The role of media is huge when it comes to raising awareness and preventing exploitation of people. They are the powerful effect on a countries growth and development. It should serve as agents for the modernization of the third world countries. Media here refers to mass media, print media and all other forms of media including the internet. They should increase their reach and provide all the news about the third world countries to the first world countries in the first place. They should also increase the third world control over communications asset which personnel from the first world countries are permitted to extract and process those into the news. They should also hold some control over world communication institutions like UN agencies. The Social responsibility system advocates press freedom. Its purposes are similar to libertarian goals of informing, entertaining, selling, serving as a check on government. Media acts as a bridge between the government and the citizens of that country. It should keep the citizens aware of the development that is going on in their country and wheth er it would profit them or led them towards destruction.

Romance and romantic medievalism Essay Example for Free

Romance and romantic medievalism Essay John Keats poem, La Belle Dame Sans Merci, presents a knight on his horse who meets a fairy lady but develops this clichi scenario into an exploration of the relationship between, the presumed male superiority and female innocence. It is a ballad that evokes medieval times. However, if one is expecting a stereotypical glorification of these, Keats rather has an interestingly critical approach to the archetypes of medieval romance and romantic medievalism. The identity of the titular female character is kept a mystery. We only know about her through the males interpretation of her. An essential point in this poem since it leads to the implicit meaning by the author. La Belle Sans Merci is a perfect example of how well-worn aspects as love such as sexual desire and unknown identity can be used to present a striking theme in a simple manner. These aspects are combined in a medieval set. The medieval setting is reinforced for the reader through the poems form. It is a ballad, which is full of fittingly old-fashioned diction and syntax. By his antiquated expression and his hypnotically monotone quadrametre, Keats achieves a mysterious and gloomy atmosphere with the first couple of stanzas of the poem. O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms, So haggard and so woebegone? (L. 5-6) To use Keatss own words, the mood is woebegone. This clearly reflects the knights emotions as the unknown individual, whose voice opens the poem, asks him about his problems. This is clear evidence that the whole poem is actually a dialogue between the knight and an unknown character possibly identifiable with the poet. The first two stanzas start with a question a clear indication of antiphonal or dialogic style being employed. O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms, Alone and palely loitering? (L. 1-2) This unknown character is the speaker in the first three whole stanzas, after which the knight begins to tell of his surreal experience with this fairy. At this point, one could argue that it starts to get interesting. The keywords throughout the next five stanzas are presumed control, power, desire and superiority. Obviously the knight is somehow intrigued by this fairy. In what way, remains ambiguous in keeping with Keatss poetic style. Nevertheless, no doubt is left when one examines the diction that the knight has a distinct sexual desire for her: She lookd at me as she did love, And made sweet moan. (L. 19-20) The knight interprets her sweet moan as sexual and romantic interest even though he has no reason whatsoever to believe that the fairy is essentially interested: And sure in language strange she said I love thee true! (L. 27-28) It is rather his own presumption that makes him imagine this. Thus a still more surreal dream scenario arises within an already surreal world of fairies etc. This way of thinking leads the knight into a form of blind obsession. It is this ecstasy that leads him to his misery. From stanza five where he makes a garland and bracelets for the fairy until stanza eight where she takes him to her elfin grot, he presents himself is in charge of virtually everything. I set her on my pacing steed, (L. 21) She found me roots of relish sweet (L. 25) These are clear examples that indicate that either the knight acts upon the fairy or the fairy acts for him in keeping with conservative sexual roles. It can be assumed that this situation suits him since he nothing else saw all day long. The knight does not hesitate to convey his emotions nor is he the mysterious part in this poem. But loss of control appears in stanza eight when the knight enters onto the fairys territory. Certainly he goes to her home and he may go further than that: She took me to her elfin grot, And there she wept and sighd full sore, (L. 29-30) The subject of the sentences changes; now it is the fairy that acts and the knight becomes a passive character in the poem. This should be considered as the moment when the knights misery commences. Another, yet stronger example of this is found in the next stanza, And there she lulled me asleep, (L. 33). This line is attention-grabbing since it is not only the start of the knights misery, but can also be seen in the context of the male losing out in the battle between sexes. Suddenly the feminine character gets the upper hand in a poem set in the middle ages and written at the beginning of the 19th century. The clichi -like knight on pacing steed strong, handsome and should win over every lady that he desires. Instead he is utterly unmanned by the extremely sexy feminine fantasy character, whose identity remains a mystery throughout the poem, while his psyche is bared. The mysterious identity of the fairy and the ambiguity as to whether she did anything at all to the knight other than leave him is central to Keats message. If we knew more about her, it would no longer be a mystery to the reader whether she did entrance him or whether he has just fantasized all those Pale warriors, Death pale were they all; They cried La Belle dame sans Merci, Hath thee in thrall! Assuming the fairy was human, she could most probably speak and not only make sweet moan. Just one statement from the fairy could lead to a clarification of the real causes of knights apparently miserable situation and that would kill the point of the poem. In conclusion, Keats succeeds in revitalizing the medieval ballad form and romance themes by inverting their clichi s. He thereby succeeds to a high degree in questioning male assumptions of sexual dominance and the reader is left with a lot to think about after reading the poem.

Community Radio Stations in Rural or Developing Areas

Community Radio Stations in Rural or Developing Areas In recent times, media has prioritised the use of mass communications, where the rural areas receive information from their nearby capital cities. The minor community has always been overlooked. Community radio is the form of radio that emphasises on a community, allowing its members to plan, produce, perform and make the use of media to make their voices heard and existence sensed. The members of the community, often on a volunteer basis, for which the radio broadcasts for, are the ones who elect the board members, make the policy for the station, manage the station and produce the programmes that is represents the community (Kim Mahling Clark, 2007). It is the means of expression of the community, rather than for the community (Lumko Mtimde, 1998). Community radio is an influential tool for empowerment of the unnoticed groups struggling to be heard in the society. The word ‘community’ refers to a group of people living in the same place who share characteristics and/or interests. The term ‘community’ can be classified on the basis of the geographical location and a social group of individuals who share specific interests. Hence a community radio is the one that broadcasts solely for the entertainment, development and empowerment of a community. This goal is met by allowing the members of the community to voice their opinion about the issues and the policies that affect their personal lives (Lumko Mtimde, 1998). However, claiming that community radio broadcasts solely for the needs of a community will not suffice. The mainstream radio also take the responsibility of the communities. Also categorising the community radio as a small-scaled, alternative and socially beneficial form of radio is insufficient, as these can be the defining features of commercial and public service radio (Chignell, 2009). Gordon, in his articl e, summarised the definition: Everybody who has any interest in radio knows what exactly community radio is all about. But these people, at times, contradict each other. However, it is unanimously agreed that a community radio is the one that is run principally by volunteers on a non-profit concept, this is where the agreement ends (Gordon, 2006). A community radio must either be registered as a non-profit making organisation or must be run by an entity that is registered as non-profit making organisation. Therefore it is understood that the objective of the organisation running a community radio should be to serve and educate their target community and not to make profit out of the business. When Jose Ignacio Lopez came across the question â€Å"Do we work primarily for our gain, or to help improve the social conditions and the cultural quality of life of the people in our communities?† he said that, â€Å"Community radio stations are not looking for profit, but to provide a service to civil society. A service that attempts to influence public opinion, create consensus, strengthen democracy and above all create community – hence the name community radio.† (Lumko Mtimde, 1998). The community radio must take up the responsibility to educate their audience about the local political party and help them cast their vote; community radio can also help the listeners preserve their local environment. The networks of community radio stations can serve as an effective platform for the conception of national news and distribution of information (Kim Mahling Clark, 2007). There can be as many community radio stations as the number of communities a country is comprised of. This is restricted by the frequencies available for the broadcast. However, some countries have legislations which renders some communities ineligible to community radio licenses. Source of income has always been a challenge for these radio stations. A well-harmonised pooled source of funding or a microcredit loan system for community radio improvement that is not a matter to donor priorities may help the struggling radio. The radio should seek for donors who would provide them with the required equipment and technological support. If the legal and political scenario does not encourage the development of community radio and if there is potential in a community, then the international development community should come forth and inspire the government to help the community establish their community radio (Kim Mahling Clark, 2007). Nepal’s topography did not allow the coverage by electronic media or the distribution of print media. The low literacy levels with poor electrification added to misery that media was in the early 1900s. The content covered by the radio, television and the two daily newspapers were essentially unrelated to the rural community, which comprised of an approximate of 80% of the country’s population at the time. When the airwaves were made public, it gave birth to a few radio stations that mainly broadcasted pop music for the urban youth. After a long and hard battle with the conservative politicians and bureaucrats, the Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists (NEFEJ), along with other organisations, who were determined to bring the Radio Sagarmatha (RS) into life, received their license. When the officer came over to hand in the license, he said, ‘You have won the war’. To which the RS programme director replied, ‘Lately, you have obeyed the law!’ The RS is run by a station manager/programme director, six full time producers, two technicians, a music librarian, an engineer, an accounts officers, a station helper and some 26 volunteers. These volunteers play an important part, as they would in any community radio, to help the RS to function. RS has actively taken interest in women empowerment. The station has two regular access spots: the first where the audience call the station and record their feedback onto an answering machine and the second is a vox-pop segment where the producers ask people in the streets to record their opinion on a particular topic. A pre-recorded daily segment called It’s My Turn Now allow the people of the community to speak their mind on any topic. For the children, the radio broadcasts a serial, which is sponsored by UNICEF, in which a grandfather tree and a baby parrot interact with children who play around the tree. Monthly, or sometimes weekly, programmes are produced with collaboration w ith community groups and local NGOs. The radio has regularly covered the topics of meter tampering by taxi drivers, thieves and pickpockets, prostitution, AIDS, leprosy, TB, quality of air and water, child labour and abortion (Colin Fraser, 2001). References Chignell, H., 2009. Key concepts in radio studies. s.l.:SAGE publications ltd. Colin Fraser, S. R. E., 2001. Community radio handbook. s.l.:UNESCO. Gordon, J., 2006. A comparision of a sample of new British community radio stations with a parallel sample of established Australian community radio stations. 3C Media, Journal of Community, Citizen.s and Third Sector Media and Communications, pp. 1-16. Kim Mahling Clark, K. C. C. C. B. D., 2007. Community radio: its impact and challenges to its development, s.l.: s.n. Lumko Mtimde, M.-H. B. N. M. K. N., 1998. What is community radio?, s.l.: AMARC Africa and Panos Southern Africa.